Clinical manifestation

1. Digestive system

It is the earliest and most common symptom.

(1) anorexia.

(2) nausea, vomiting, bloating.

(3) tongue and mouth ulcer.

(4) the oral cavity has a bad smell of ammonia.

(5) upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

2. Blood system

(1) anemia is a symptom of patients with uremia.

The degree of anemia is parallel with the degree of uremia (renal function), and the reduction of erythropoietin (EPO) is the main reason.

(2) bleeding tendency can be manifested as skin, mucosal hemorrhage, etc., with increased platelet damage and prolonged bleeding time, which may be caused by toxins and can be corrected by dialysis.

(3) leukocyte leukocyte decrease, chemotactic, phagocytic and bactericidal ability weakened, prone to infection, and can be improved after dialysis.

3. Cardiovascular system

Is the most common cause of kidney failure.

(1) most patients with hypertension (more than 80%) have different levels of hypertension, which can cause atherosclerosis, hypertrophy of left ventricle, and heart failure.

(2) cardiac dysfunction often results in cardiomyopathy, which is caused by water sodium retention, hypertension and uremia.

(3) urea syndrome or dialysis is not sufficient for pericarditis, and it is usually a late expression.

(4) the progress of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification can rapidly, hemodialysis is worse, coronary, cerebral arteries around, the whole body all can happen, mainly caused by hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

4. Nerves and muscle systems

(1) early fatigue, insomnia, lack of concentration, etc.

(2) peripheral neuropathy, the sensory nerve is more obvious than the motor nerve.

(3) dialysis imbalance syndrome is associated with dialysis, often in patients with primary dialysis.

Urea nitrogen is reduced rapidly, and the internal and external osmotic pressure of the cell is unbalanced, resulting in increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema, presenting nausea, vomiting, headache, and convulsions.

5.Renal sexual bone disease

It's the general term for bone change in uremia.

Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and reactive vitamin D deficiency can induce hyperthyroidism in secondary parathyroid.

The multiple factors and lead to renal osteodystrophy sex (namely renal bone disease), including fiber cystic osteitis (high bridge bone disease), osteomalacia (low circulating bone disease), and poor bone formation, and mixed bone disease.

The clinical manifestations of renal osteopathy are:

(1) spontaneous fractures can be caused.

(2) symptoms are rare, such as bone soreness, walking inconvenience, etc.

6. Respiratory system

(1) deep and long breathing while acidosis.

(2) uremia bronchitis, pneumonia (butterfly wing), pleurisy, etc.

7. Skin symptoms

Skin itch, urea frost deposit, uremia face, dialysis cannot improve.

8. Endocrine dysfunction

Main performances include:

(1) the kidney itself endocrine dysfunction Such as 1, 25 (OH) 2 vitamin D3, erythropoietin deficiency and kidney in renin - angiotensin Ⅱ too much;

(2) most of the patients with peripheral endocrine gland dysfunction have secondary hyperpara (elevated blood PTH), insulin receptor disorder, and elevated glucagon.

About a quarter of the patients had mild thyroxine levels.

Some of the patients may have hypogonadism, which may be related to the abnormal levels of serum sex hormones, such as the maturity of gonads or atrophy, low libido, amenorrhea, infertility, etc.

9. Concurrent serious infection

Easy to combine infection with lung infection.

When infected, the fever is not obvious.